Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 01 Oct 2016

Multiscale Simulation to Determine Rubber Friction on Asphalt Surfaces

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Page Range: 226 – 247
DOI: 10.2346/tire.16.440401
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ABSTRACT

The interaction between rubber and asphalt pavement depends on the roughness characteristics of the road surface, as well as the contact pressure, slip velocity, and temperature. A homogenization procedure of rubber friction, based on the finite element method, is presented, in order to gain surface dependent friction properties by numerical simulation. Furthermore, the method allows a deep insight into microscale phenomena, like real contact area, microscopic contact pressure, or flash temperature.

Rubber undergoes large deformations in contact with rough surfaces. Therefore, the material characteristics of rubber need to be modeled by hyperelasticity and viscoelasticity at finite deformations and dependent on temperature. Thus, hysteresis friction, originating in energy dissipation of the bulk material, i.e., the viscoelastic properties, is evaluated.

Adhesion friction is a phenomenon associated with the real contact area and is included in the proposed methodology by a physically motivated, fracture mechanical approach.

The resulting macroscopic friction features are validated by experiments based on a linear friction tester. Analytical state of the art solutions are compared with the numerical results.

Keywords: finite element analysis (FEA); multiscale rubber friction; hysteresis; adhesion; computational homogenization
FIG. 1
FIG. 1

Master curves of loss and storage moduli for 25 °C at small strain based on DMA tests.

FIG. 2
FIG. 2

Viscoelastic material rheology including m generalized Maxwell elements and a hyperelastic equilibrium element.

FIG. 3
FIG. 3

Asphalt surface measurement at a resolution of 10−5 m.

FIG. 4
FIG. 4

Height difference correlation function of asphalt surface measurement including a five scale fitting.

FIG. 5
FIG. 5

Normalized height difference correlation function.

FIG. 6
FIG. 6

Scheme of the homogenization procedure.

FIG. 7
FIG. 7

Deformed rubber block on scale two out of a total of nine, σ0,j = 0.7 N/mm2, vj = 1 mm/s.

FIG. 8
FIG. 8

Hysteresis friction versus the length scale and variation of slip velocity for a five scale decomposition of a granite surface.

FIG. 9
FIG. 9

Adhesion stress function τadh including damage and stiffness evolution Clat depending on the lateral displacement ulat.

FIG. 10
FIG. 10

Simulation procedure including adhesive contact formulation.

FIG. 11
FIG. 11

FE simulation on the microscale; left, adhesion shear stresses τadh,lat[N/mm2]; right, contact pressure σ [N/mm2] and contact area at σ > 0.

FIG. 12
FIG. 12

Comparison of experiments, total friction based on FE simulations, and on the theory of Klüppel/Heinrich and of Persson for granite surface.

FIG. 13
FIG. 13

Comparison of experiments, adhesion friction based on FE simulations, and on the theory of Klüppel/Heinrich and of Persson for granite surface.

FIG. 14
FIG. 14

Comparison of experiments, hysteresis friction based on FE simulations, and on the theory of Klüppel/Heinrich and of Persson for granite surface.

Contributor Notes

4 Corresponding author. Email: Michael.Kaliske@tu-dresden.de
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