An Integrated Approach for Friction and Wear Simulation of Tire Tread Rubber. Part II: Wear Test, Characterization, and Modeling
On the basis of Part I, Part II continues further research on the wear of tire tread rubber. A test scheme composed of various combined conditions that are widely ranged in energy dissipation is developed. The wear rate and temperature increase are described by exponential energetic models. Coupled with the unified friction model, a well-demonstrated wearing simulation of the rubber wheel is proposed. The wear rate for the rolling of axisymmetric structure is derived, and a nonequal wear increment is proposed according to the maximum allowable wear depth of the surface elements, which act as a criterion for calculating the increment size. In order to maintain high quality of the worn mesh, the boundary displacement method is employed to reposition the interior nodes of the finite element model as well as the surface elements. The computed wear rates are roughly in agreement with the test results. As a further illustration, the tread wear simulation of an axisymmetric tire containing only longitudinal grooves is conducted. For the first time, the evolution rules of wear contour of the axisymmetric tire are revealed, and the linear variation of worn mass with the rolling distance is consistent with the experimental results reported in literature.ABSTRACT:
Wear results of ZR172 rubber. (a) Wear mass; (b) contact temperature of the rubber wheel; and (c) lateral force.
Wear rate and contact temperature of ZR172 rubber.
Numerical solving strategies of rubber wear for the sample wheel.
Wear direction of two-dimensional elements.
Worn mesh update by boundary displacement method. (a) Original mesh shape; (b) linear compression simulation; and (c) mesh update.
Influence of the value of δ on the simulation results. (a) Wear contour; (b) worn mass; (c) wear increment number.
Wear simulation results of the rubber wheel. (a) Wear contour; (b) incremental distance; and (c) worn mass.
The evolution of pressure distribution at footprint (each plot refers to a wear increment).
Comparison of wear simulations with test results at different rolling speeds. (a) Wear contour and (b) wear rate.
Finite element model of the axisymmetric tire. (a) 2D mesh of axisymmetric section; (b) 3D mesh of the axisymmetric tire.
Wear direction calculation of worn mesh update of the axisymmetric tire. (a) Wear direction calculation; (b) linear compression simulation; (c) mesh update.
Simulation results of tread wear for the axisymmetric tire. (a) Wear contour; (b) wear depth; (c) incremental distance; (d) worn mass.
Evolution of pressure distribution at footprint.
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